Modelling the invasion risk of diapausing organisms transported in ballast sediments

نویسندگان

  • Marjorie J. Wonham
  • Sarah A. Bailey
  • Hugh J. MacIsaac
  • Mark A. Lewis
چکیده

Biological invasions via ship ballast are a major driver of biodiversity change in aquatic systems. In the Laurentian Great Lakes basin, unique shipping operations pose a particular invasion risk. The majority (>90%) of incoming vessels are not fully loaded with ballast water but carry ballast sediments and residual water. Ballast sediments contain viable diapause organisms that could hatch and be released during routine ballast operations. To assess invasion risk and control of this pathway, we constructed and parameterized a dynamic hatching model for three representative groups of freshwater organisms that undergo diapause: rotifers, cladocerans, and copepods. Numerical model simulations show that ballast sediment is a plausible invasion pathway for all three groups. The model also illustrates that postuptake ballast treatment to remove or kill potential invaders should be applied as late as possible prior to deballasting to minimize the number of live organisms released. Simulations show that the ability of taxa to reproduce parthenogenetically inside a ballast tank greatly influences quantitative predictions of both risk and control. Résumé : Les invasions biologiques par l’intermédiaire des eaux de ballastage des navires sont des causes majeures de changements de biodiversité dans les systèmes aquatiques. Dans le bassin hydrographique des Grands Lacs laurentiens, des opérations de transport maritime particulières posent une risque spécial d’invasion. La majorité (>90 %) des navires qui y pénètrent ne portent pas une pleine charge d’eau de ballastage, mais contiennent des sédiments et de l’eau résiduelle dans leurs ballasts. Les sédiments dans les ballasts contiennent des organismes viables en diapause qui peuvent éclore et être libérés durant les opérations de ballastage de routine. Afin d’évaluer le risque d’invasion et le contrôle de cette voie d’introduction, nous avons construit un modèle dynamique de l’éclosion pour trois groupes d’organismes d’eau douce qui subissent la diapause, les rotifères, les cladocères et les copépodes, et nous en avons précisé les paramètres. Des simulations du modèle numérique montrent que les sédiments des ballasts sont une voie plausible d’invasion pour l’ensemble des trois groupes. Le modèle démontre aussi que le traitement des eaux de ballastage après le remplissage afin d’éliminer ou de tuer les organismes envahisseurs possibles devrait se faire le plus tard possible avant la vidange des ballasts, afin de réduire au minimum le nombre d’organismes vivants libérés. Les simulations montrent que la capacité des taxons de se reproduire par parthénogenèse dans les ballasts influence fortement les prédictions numériques à la fois du risque et du contrôle. [Traduit par la Rédaction]

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تاریخ انتشار 2005